Thursday, August 27, 2020
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State broadband policy: Impacts on availability
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We use a county-level panel dataset from 2012 to 2018 to assess the impacts of various state policies on total and rural broadband availability in the US. The primary dependent variable is the percentage of residents with access to 25 Megabits per second (Mbps) download and 3 Mbps upload speeds via a fixed connection, with alternative specifications considering other aspects of availability such as technology type and competition. We control for the main determinants of Internet availability such as income, education, age, and population density. Our policy variables come from the newly released State Broadband Policy Explorer from the Pew Charitable Trusts and individual contacts from the nationwide State Broadband Leaders Network. Our primary policies of interest are those related to: (1) availability of state-level funding, (2) existence of a state-level broadband office/task force with full-time employees, and (3) restrictions on municipal/cooperative broadband provision. We find a positive and significant impact of state-level funding programs on general (and fiber) broadband availability, and a negative impact of municipal/cooperative restrictions. The findings are similar when the analysis is restricted to the rural portions of counties.
These results make a strong argument that state broadband policies are having a measurable impact on broadband diffusion across the US, including in rural areas. From a practical standpoint, the results argue for prompt action: states that remove municipal broadband restrictions may see their overall availability increase by 3 percentage points, and those that offer their own funding program should see increases of 1–2 percentage points.
The Benton perspective is this: Everyone in America should be able to use High-Performance Broadband, by which I mean broadband connections to the home that are robust and future-proof. Broadband competition is more important than ever because—in our current crises and beyond—America has fast-forwarded into its broadband future. Yet, New York, like the nation, has too little competition in fixed broadband to ensure that all people have the advantage of competitive pricing, quality, customer service, and innovation. By fixed broadband, I mean the kind of connections that go to homes and small businesses, like the typical connections offered by cable TV companies. Normal effects of this lack of competition disproportionately impact low-income subscribers. Here, I am not referring to people who cannot afford broadband at all. Rather, we are addressing the plight of low-income households that do subscribe. Broadband has become a must-have good, which means that demand for broadband is likely inelastic, much in the way that parents at the supermarket will continue to buy milk for their children even if the price of milk increases 5-10 percent.
[Jonathan Sallet is a Senior Fellow at the Benton Institute for Broadband & Society. In October 2019, the Benton Institute released Broadband for America’s Future: A Vision for the 2020s. This October, we will be releasing a follow-up to that report.]
For the first time, we are now comparing 5G users’ overall experience across 12 of the world’s leading 5G markets. Globally, our 5G users in Saudi Arabia see the fastest overall average download speed with a Download Speed Experience of 144.5 Mbps ahead of Canada’s 5G users in second place with 90.4 Mbps. Strikingly, 5G Users in the country with the highest adoption of 5G to date, South Korea, rank just third.
The US's average 5G speed is 1.8 times higher than the country's average 4G download speed of 28.9Mbps. User tests in neighboring Canada produced a 4G average of 59.4Mbps and a 5G average of 178.1Mbps. Taiwan and Australia both produced 5G averages above 200Mbps, while South Korea and Saudi Arabia produced the highest 5G speeds at 312.7Mbps and 414.2Mbps, respectively.
The modest 5G Download Speeds in the US are due to a combination of the limited amount of new mid-band 5G spectrum that is available and the popularity of low-band spectrum – T-Mobile’s 600MHz and AT&T’s 850MHz – which offer excellent availability and reach but lower average speeds than the 3.5GHz mid-band spectrum used as the main 5G band in every country outside of the US. However, Verizon’s mmWave-based 5G service offers very considerably faster average 5G Download Speeds of 494. 7 Mbps in our recent U.S. report, which is faster than the average 5G download speeds Opensignal has seen on any operator, or in any country to date including Saudi Arabia.
Smaller geographies like Kuwait or Hong Kong have an advantage over large countries like Australia or the US in offering users high levels of 5G Availability which makes the achievements of operators in both Australia and the US — powering their 5G users’ experience ahead of the UK, and Switzerland — all the more impressive.
Schools are being forced to tackle the digital divide problem in their districts, becoming experts in complex broadband options seemingly overnight. That's on top of grappling with how to make sure their low-income students are fed and healthy, and navigating archaic regulations controlling how they receive funding. Various schools around the country have relied on emergency relief funds from the CARES Act to purchase devices and hotspots for students, while others have begged the public and businesses for help funding equipment. "Even before the pandemic we had a homework gap," says Noelle Ellerson Ng, associate executive director of advocacy and governance at AASA, the School Superintendents Association. "We all knew it, we all talked about it. It's not as if the pandemic created the homework gap, it's just that we can no longer conveniently have it swept under the rug."
Whether they hail from California or West Virginia, many schools hoped to tap into a tool that's long helped their internet connectivity efforts: a federal assistance program called E-Rate. The Federal Communications Commission-run program provides schools and libraries with internet service that's discounted by 20% to 90%, depending on the poverty level of the area. Instead, they found that trying to expand their E-Rate discounts outside of the school walls would hurt them.
With the increase in remote learning due to COVID-10, the City of Chicago, Chicago Public Schools (CPS), the philanthropic community, and leading Internet Service Providers (ISPs) recognized a historic opportunity to eliminate broadband accessibility as a barrier to digital learning. On June 25, 2020, Mayor Lori E. Lightfoot announced the launch of Chicago Connected, a groundbreaking, multi-year, public-private partnership to close Chicago’s digital divide and ensure that CPS students and their families have the Internet in their home for remote learning. The $50 million program is one of the most extensive and longest-term efforts by any city to provide free, high-speed Internet to increase students’ connectivity. In closing the city’s digital divide, Chicago Connected is not only eliminating broadband accessibility as a barrier to digital learning but providing a roadmap for other cities and school districts to follow.
Facebook says privacy changes that Apple has made to its newest operating system will cripple Facebook’s ability to serve targeted ads to iPhone users while they use outside apps. The announcement, which Facebook made in a note to app developers, will affect its Audience Network business, which connects users’ Facebook identities with their off-platform activities. That enables the company to serve them ads on apps outside of Facebook’s. The changes go into effect with Apple’s new operating system for iPhone, called iOS14, which was released in beta form to developers recently.
Social media companies say they’re preparing for a protracted battle against online misinformation come Election Day, particularly given there may not be an immediate winner. Yoel Roth, Twitter’s head of site integrity, said his nightmare scenario for the election is that bad actors use any delays in the outcome to stoke “fear, uncertainty and doubt” online. Unprecedented problems for an unprecedented election: “When we talk about the election, we talk about the leadup to election night, we talk about election day as a pivotal moment. This year is different,” Roth said. “We should be talking about election day, November 3rd, as being one moment of a series of moments in the weeks around the election that are going to be decisive in terms of what the results of it are.” Tech companies including Twitter, Facebook and Google are preparing for a scenario in which a winner is not immediately declared because of extra time to count mail-in ballots and the possibility of President Donald Trump declaring the results invalid.
Consumer advocates say they worry about the future of kids’ online safety advocacy if Sen. Ed Markey (D-MA) loses his contentious Massachusetts Democratic primary to challenger Rep. Joe Kennedy (D-MA). Voters in the state have a choice between re-electing Sen Markey, an incumbent with a long track record on key tech policy issues, or electing Rep Kennedy, a relative unknown in the space. The decision, groups say, could have big implications for privacy, broadband and more. Many advocates see Sen Markey as a top champion for their causes. “Ed Markey is the single most important member of Congress when it comes to protecting Americans’ children online [and] ensuring that the big media companies are held in check,” said Jeffrey Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy. Chester’s group has worked with Sen Markey on a lengthy list of tech and telecom bills. Ariel Fox Johnson, senior counsel for Common Sense Media, which lobbies on children’s safety issues, said “kids and their families would lose a staunch advocate” in Sen Markey.
Among Markey’s congressional acts on tech. Advocates pointed to his work authoring the landmark children’s online privacy law known as COPPA and pushing for the E-rate program granting discounts on broadband for schools as major parts of his legacy on tech and telecom. Johnson said Markey’s more recent advocacy to expand students’ internet access has been particularly crucial amid Covid-19. “With the reality of increased distance learning during the pandemic, he has been driving home this issue at every opportunity,” she said. Rep Kennedy, meanwhile, lacks the resume on those same tech issues. He has “been a non-presence when it comes to the issues about protecting children online,” according to Chester. Rep Kennedy is a co-sponsor of the Children and Media Research Advancemen (CAMRA) Act, H.R. 1367, which would expand funding for federal studies on how tech and media affect children. (Sen Markey is the lead sponsor for the bill’s Senate counterpart.) Kennedy campaign spokesperson Emily Kaufman said in a statement that the lawmaker “has been a leader in the fight for consumer protection and privacy online.”
Benton (www.benton.org) provides the only free, reliable, and non-partisan daily digest that curates and distributes news related to universal broadband, while connecting communications, democracy, and public interest issues. Posted Monday through Friday, this service provides updates on important industry developments, policy issues, and other related news events. While the summaries are factually accurate, their sometimes informal tone may not always represent the tone of the original articles. Headlines are compiled by Kevin Taglang (headlines AT benton DOT org) and Robbie McBeath (rmcbeath AT benton DOT org) — we welcome your comments.
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